George Rickey, in Constructivism: Origins and Evolution argues that Constructivism is a significant dimension of abstraction (Rickey, 1967)
Rickey examines the ‘legacy of Constructivism’ by selecting and discussing 12 characteristics/aspects/developments/topics:
1. Classic order
2. New ideas of space
3. Reliefs
4. Tangents and pressures
5. The centred image
6. Mathematics and concrete art
7. Chance
8. Micro-elements
9. Optical phenomena
10. Movement
11. Light
12. Colour
Rickey alludes to other characteristics that are not discussed in detail. They include:
- Programmed art
- ‘primary’ structures
- color as displeasure
- combining sight with sound
- combining preconception with impulse

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